| attribution error |
erroneously attributing the causes of someone’s
behavior to only their membership in some out-group |
| attribution theory |
the principle that dispositional attributions are
made about others (what the other is “really like”) under certain
conditions, such as outgroup membership |
| bureaucracy |
a type of formal organization characterized by an
authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and
impersonality |
| coercive organization
|
an organization characterized by membership that
is largely involuntary |
| dyad |
a group consisting of two people |
| expressive needs |
needs for intimacy, companionship, and emotional
support |
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| formal organization |
a large secondary group organized to accomplish a
complex task or set of tasks |
| group |
a collection of individuals who interact and
communicate, share goals and norms, and who have a subjective
awareness as “we” |
| group size effect |
the effect upon the person of groups of varying
sizes |
| groupthink |
the tendency for group members to reach a
consensus at all costs |
| instrumental needs |
emotionally neutral, task-oriented
(goal-oriented) needs |
| normative organization
|
an organization that people join in order to
pursue goals they consider worthwhile |
| primary group |
a group characterized by intimate, face-to-face
interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships |
| reference group |
any group (to which one may or may not belong)
used by the individual as a standard for evaluating her or his
attitudes, values, and behaviors |
| risky shift |
the tendency for group members, after discussion
and interaction, to engage in riskier behavior than they would while
alone |
| secondary group |
a group that is relatively large in number and
not as intimate or enduring as a primary group |
| social network |
a set of links between individuals or other
social units such as groups or organizations |
| total institution |
an organization cut off from the rest of society
in which individuals are subject to strict social control |
| triad |
a group consisting of three people |
| triadic segregation |
the tendency for a triad to separate into a dyad
and an isolate |
| utilitarian organization
|
an organization, either profit or nonprofit, that
is joined by individuals for specific purposes, such as monetary
reward |
| voluntary organization
|
organizations that people join to pursue goals
they consider personally worthwhile |