| age–sex
(age–gender) pyramid |
a graphic representation of the age and
gender structure of a society |
| census |
a count of the entire population of a
country |
| cohort; birth
cohort |
all persons born within a given time
period |
| crude birthrate
|
the number of live births each year for
every 1000 members of the population |
| crude death rate
|
the number of deaths each year for every
1000 members of the population |
| demographic
transition theory |
the theory that societies pass through
phases based on economic development, which affects the
birth and death rates |
| demography |
the scientific study of population |
| ecological
demography |
a field combining the study of demography
(population) with the study of human ecology |
| ecological
globalization |
the worldwide dispersion of problems and
issues involving the relationships between humans and the
physical and social global environments |
| emigration (vs.
immigration) |
migration of people from one society to
another (also called out-migration) |
| environmental
racism |
the dumping of toxic wastes with
disproportionate frequency at or very near areas with high
concentrations of minorities |
| greenhouse
effect |
a rise in the earth’s surface temperature
caused by heat trapped by excess carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere |
| human ecology
|
the study of the interdependence between
humans and their physical environment |
| human ecosystem
|
a system involving interaction of humans
with the physical environment |
| immigration (vs.
emigration) |
the migration of people into a society
from outside (also called in-migration) |
| infant mortality
rate |
the number of deaths per year of infants
under age 1 for every 1000 live births |
| life expectancy
|
the probable number of years a particular
group is likely to live on average, given aggregate
statistical patterns |
| Malthusian
theory |
after T. R. Malthus, the principle that a
population tends to grow faster than the subsistence (food)
level needed to sustain it |
| population
density |
the number of persons per square mile
|
| population
replacement level |
a condition wherein the combined
birthrate and death rate sustains the population at a steady
level |
| rational choice
theory |
the theory that humans are capable of
making cost-benefit analyses of what to do and how analyses
of what to do and how many children to have |
| sex ratio |
the number of males per 100 females |
| thermal
pollution |
the heating up of the earth’s rivers and
lakes as a result of the chemical discharges of heavy
industry |
| urbanism |
is the extent to which a community has
the characteristics associated with city life |
| vital statistics
|
information about births, deaths,
marriages, and migration |
| xenophobia |
the fear and hatred of foreigners |
