| affirmative
action |
programs in education and job hiring that
recruit minorities over a wide range but do not use rigid
quotas, or those that use admissions slots (quotas) for
minorities in education and set aside contracts in the
economy |
| anti-Semitism
|
the belief or behavior that defines
Jewish people as inferior and that targets them for
stereotyping, mistreatment, and acts of hatred |
| assimilation
|
process by which a minority becomes
socially, economically, and culturally absorbed within the
dominant society |
| authoritarian
personality |
a personality characterized by a tendency
to rigidly categorize people and to submit to authority,
rigidly conform, and be intolerant of ambiguity |
| aversive racism
|
a subtle, nonobvious, or covert form of
racism |
| color-blind
racism |
ignoring legitimate racial–ethnic,
cultural, and other differences between groups |
| contact theory
|
the theory that prejudice will be reduced
through social interaction with those of different race or
ethnicity but of equal status |
| cultural
pluralism |
pattern whereby groups maintain their
distinctive culture and history |
| discrimination
|
overt negative and unequal treatment of
the members of some social group or stratum solely because
of their membership in that group or stratum |
| dominant group
|
the group that assigns a racial or ethnic
group to subordinate status in society |
| dominative
racism |
obvious and overt racism, sometimes
called “old-fashioned” racism |
| ethnic group
|
a social category of people who share a
common culture, such as a common language or dialect, a
common religion, and common norms, practices, and customs
|
| ethnocentrism
|
the belief that one’s ingroup is superior
to all out-groups |
| forms of racism
|
types of racism such as old-fashioned
racism, aversive racism, laissez-faire racism, color-blind
racism, and others |
| gendered racism
|
the principle that the effects of racism
and sexism are inseparable |
| institutional
racism |
racism involving notions of racial or
ethnic inferiority that have become ingrained into society’s
institutions |
| laissez-faire
racism |
negative stereotyping of minorities; and
blaming minorities themselves for economic, occupational,
and educational lack of achievement |
| minority group
|
any distinct group in society that shares
common group characteristics and is forced to occupy low
status in society because of prejudice and discrimination
|
| out-group
homogeneity effect |
the tendency to perceive members of an
out-group as identical in various characteristics |
| prejudice |
the negative evaluation of a social
group, and individuals within that group, based upon
conceptions held about the group despite facts that
contradict them |
| race |
a social category, or social
construction, that we treat as distinct on the basis of
certain characteristics, some biological, that have been
assigned social importance in the society |
| racial formation
|
process by which groups come to be
defined as a “race” through social institutions such as the
law and schools |
| racialization
|
a process whereby some social category
such as social class or nationality takes on what are
perceived in the society to be race characteristics |
| racism |
the perception and treatment of a racial
or ethnic group, or member of that group, as intellectually,
socially, and culturally inferior to one’s own group |
| residential
segregation |
the spatial separation of racial and
ethnic groups in different residential areas |
| salience
principle |
categorizing people on the basis of what
initially appears prominent about them |
| scapegoat theory
|
argument that dominant group aggression
is directed toward a minority as a substitute for
frustration with some other problem |
| segregation |
the spatial and social separation of
racial and ethnic groups |
| stereotype |
an oversimplified set of beliefs about
the members of a social group or social stratum that is used
to categorize individuals of that group |
| stereotype
interchangeablility |
the principle that negative stereotypes
are interchangeable from one racial group (or gender or
social class) to another |
| urban underclass
|
a grouping of people, largely minority
and poor, who live at the absolute bottom of the
socioeconomic ladder in urban areas |
| xenophobia |
the fear and hatred of foreigners |
